The PHS Principles recommend selecting the appropriate species of the appropriate quality, as well as using the
minimum numbers of animals required for valid results. Nonanimal alternatives, discomfort, distress, and pain must
also be considered. Living conditions should contribute to the health and well-being of the animal, and animals should
be cared for by trained and experienced personnel, inclusive of veterinary care. Investigators and personnel should be
qualified, experienced, and receive training if necessary. Any exceptions to the PHS Principles must be reviewed by the
IACUC. All of the above conditions are directly applicable to research with fish.