Such a relationship matches some the rizing about organizational commitment but it did not match our framework for assessing attitude and criterion generality. Inspection of the LISREL modification indexes for structural parameters reveals that the path from commitment to turnover would have improved the fit of even our best model, model E although our meta-analytic estimate of the commitment-turnover relationship might have been artificially inflated by the inclusion of primary studies that measured commitment via the OCQ (see Bozeman & Perrewe, 2001). Another criticism of the method used in this study is that it does not allow for clear-cut cause-effect conclusions (as time-lagged and especially cross-sectional correlations cannot definitively tablish temporal precedence [Balkundi & Harrison,2006]). Although we interpret the data at hand to support progression of withdrawal, the reader is warned of the potentially severe limitations of test ing dynamic withdrawal models using inappropriate data and analyses.