Proof. Since the eigenvalues of A are distinct, A is diagonalizable. It is easy to show that AV = VD, where D = diag(λ1,λ2,...,λk). Since V is invertible, V−1AV = D. Hence, A is similar to D. So we have AnV = VDn. In [ 1], it is known that Gn = An. So we can write that GnV = VDn. LetGn =[ tij]k×k. Then we have the following linear system of equations: