2. Transport expenditure, affordability and livelihoods
2.1 Transport expenditure in developing countries
A review of studies in the urban transport and development fields shows that transport
affordability is considered an issue of importance throughout the developing world.
Empirical evidence suggests that, although transport costs as a share of household
expenditure vary greatly across space and time, overall transport expenditure increases
strongly with income, but tends to be regressive as transport costs consume a larger