abstract
Growth hormone (GH) treatment has been an established therapy for GH deficiency (GHD) in children and
adults for more than three decades. Numerous studies have shown that GH treatment improves height, body
composition, bone density, cardiovascular risk factors, physical fitness and quality of life and that the treatment
has few side effects. Initially GHwas given as intramuscular injections three times perweek, but daily subcutaneous
injections were shown to bemore effective and less inconvenient and the daily administration has been used since
its introduction in the 1980s. However, despite ongoing improvements in injection device design, daily subcutaneous
injections remain inconvenient, painful and distressing for many patients, leading to noncompliance, reduced
efficacy and increased health care costs. To address these issues a variety of long-acting formulations of GH have
been developed. In this reviewwe present the current status of long-acting GHpreparations and discuss the specific
issues related to their development
abstractGrowth hormone (GH) treatment has been an established therapy for GH deficiency (GHD) in children andadults for more than three decades. Numerous studies have shown that GH treatment improves height, bodycomposition, bone density, cardiovascular risk factors, physical fitness and quality of life and that the treatmenthas few side effects. Initially GHwas given as intramuscular injections three times perweek, but daily subcutaneousinjections were shown to bemore effective and less inconvenient and the daily administration has been used sinceits introduction in the 1980s. However, despite ongoing improvements in injection device design, daily subcutaneousinjections remain inconvenient, painful and distressing for many patients, leading to noncompliance, reducedefficacy and increased health care costs. To address these issues a variety of long-acting formulations of GH havebeen developed. In this reviewwe present the current status of long-acting GHpreparations and discuss the specificissues related to their development
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