Forty-three cows were included in the statistical analysis.
The comparison of the groups TempCase and TempContr with the groups ClinPain and ClinContr revealed that three cows changed status: two cows from the group TempCase was allocated to the ClinContr group and one cow from the group TempContr was allocated to the group ClinPain.
Six of the 15 tested specific behaviours potentially indicating pain were never observed for any of the cows and therefore not included in the Cow Pain Scale; these were: chewing, tooth grinding, moaning, shivering,tenesmus (abdominal straining with little production of either faeces or urine) and weight shifting/kicking.
Of the remaining ninepotentially pain specific behaviours, the score of seven were sig-nificantly higher in the ClinPain group than in the ClinContr group(Table 3).
The behaviour ‘piloerection’ was excluded from the CowPain Scale as the observers found this parameter difficult to evaluate because it changed rapidly.