The actor-oriented architectural scheme is consistent with core properties of organization theory. North (1990) shows how political and economic institutions, along with infrastructures for exchange, enable sustained macro-level value creation and growth. The four cases we have dis- cussed may be seen as having internal institutional mechanisms analogous to the macro-level institu- tions and services described by North. Williamson (1975, 1985) shows how institutions affect the organization of inter-actor relationships. Consis- tent with Dyer and Singh (1998), the actor-oriented scheme provides mechanisms for knowledge shar- ing and the identification of complementary resources and collaborators. Access to resources, in turn, is affected by norms, trust, and the ties available to individual actors (Granovetter,
1973, 1985). Mechanisms that constrain actor
opportunism and excessive value appropriation, such as transparency, shared values, norms of reciprocity, and altruism (Milgrom, North, and Weingast, 1990; Ostrom, 1990), enable actors to overcome the tragedy of the commons (Hardin,
1968) and thereby enjoy the benefits of joint value creation.
The actor-oriented architectural scheme is consistent with core properties of organization theory. North (1990) shows how political and economic institutions, along with infrastructures for exchange, enable sustained macro-level value creation and growth. The four cases we have dis- cussed may be seen as having internal institutional mechanisms analogous to the macro-level institu- tions and services described by North. Williamson (1975, 1985) shows how institutions affect the organization of inter-actor relationships. Consis- tent with Dyer and Singh (1998), the actor-oriented scheme provides mechanisms for knowledge shar- ing and the identification of complementary resources and collaborators. Access to resources, in turn, is affected by norms, trust, and the ties available to individual actors (Granovetter,
1973, 1985). Mechanisms that constrain actor
opportunism and excessive value appropriation, such as transparency, shared values, norms of reciprocity, and altruism (Milgrom, North, and Weingast, 1990; Ostrom, 1990), enable actors to overcome the tragedy of the commons (Hardin,
1968) and thereby enjoy the benefits of joint value creation.
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