4.2 Measures
4.2.1 Independent variables: TQM practices. The instrument of TQM practices used in
this study was an adaptation of the scale developed by Prajogo and Sohal (2006), Sohail
and Teo (2003), Zhang et al. (2000) and Samson and Terziovski (1999). The selection of
the scales was for three reasons. First, these scales have demonstrated considerable
sensitivity and validity in other studies (Sohail and Teo, 2003; Samson and Terziovski,
1999).