Fluidized beds are ideal reactors for non-blast furnace ironmaking
due to their excellent heat and mass transfer efficiency, coke-free
ironmaking and direct use of fine iron ore potential [1,2]. However,
the serious defluidization problem during the reduction of fine iron
ore, caused by the sticking of newly-formed metallic iron at elevated
temperatures, always induces abrupt shut down of the equipment and
hinders the stability of continuous operation in industry [3–5]. Among
various defluidization prevention measures, carbon-coating is simple,
effective, economical and draws more and more attention from recent
researchers