Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic
Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning
Research is in fact ubiquitous.
1. Selection of a research topic
2. Definition of a research problem
3. Literature survey and reference collection 4. Formulation of hypotheses
5. Research design (Experimental design) 6. Actual investigation
7. Data analysis (Statistical analysis)
8. Interpretation of result
9. Report
The basic principle for experimental design
1. Comparison/control
the experimental group is compared to concurrent controls (rather than to historical controls)
2. Replication
Reduce the effect of uncontrolled variation (i.e., increase precision)
The basic principle for experimental design 3. Randomization
Experimental subjects (“units”) should be assigned to treatment groups at random to avoid bias and control the role of chance
Statistics – derived from Statistik
Data, or information necessary to interpret the
results for solving the problem (hypothesis)
For statistical analysis, divided to 2 categories
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
numbers that are used to summarize and describe data collected from an experiment, a survey, a historical record
Average (Means)
Median
Standard deviation,
Inferential statistics
infer from the sample to the population
determine probability of characteristics of population based on the characteristics of sample or data
Inferential statistics
One sample test of difference/One sample hypothesis test
Confidence Interval
Contingency Tables and Chi Square Statistic T-test or Anova, etc.
Types of research report
Research proposal Research report Research article
Review article Thesis/dissertation

Research proposal
The plan of research project and the research
procedure that was previously planned
To inform the research topic and hypothesis, research direction, the reason why the topic is selected
Research report
The report of the research results written according to the instructional form to be published or presented to the related person
Research article
The report in term of the analysis written in the form of short, concise, clear article, however, contain complete context
The report is prepared for being further presented or published in the scientific journal
Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic
Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning
Research is in fact ubiquitous.
1. Selection of a research topic
2. Definition of a research problem
3. Literature survey and reference collection 4. Formulation of hypotheses
5. Research design (Experimental design) 6. Actual investigation
7. Data analysis (Statistical analysis)
8. Interpretation of result
9. Report
The basic principle for experimental design
1. Comparison/control
the experimental group is compared to concurrent controls (rather than to historical controls)
2. Replication
Reduce the effect of uncontrolled variation (i.e., increase precision)
The basic principle for experimental design 3. Randomization
Experimental subjects (“units”) should be assigned to treatment groups at random to avoid bias and control the role of chance
Statistics – derived from Statistik
Data, or information necessary to interpret the
results for solving the problem (hypothesis)
For statistical analysis, divided to 2 categories
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
numbers that are used to summarize and describe data collected from an experiment, a survey, a historical record
Average (Means)
Median
Standard deviation,
Inferential statistics
infer from the sample to the population
determine probability of characteristics of population based on the characteristics of sample or data
Inferential statistics
One sample test of difference/One sample hypothesis test
Confidence Interval
Contingency Tables and Chi Square Statistic T-test or Anova, etc.
Types of research report
Research proposal Research report Research article
Review article Thesis/dissertation

Research proposal
The plan of research project and the research
procedure that was previously planned
To inform the research topic and hypothesis, research direction, the reason why the topic is selected
Research report
The report of the research results written according to the instructional form to be published or presented to the related person
Research article
The report in term of the analysis written in the form of short, concise, clear article, however, contain complete context
The report is prepared for being further presented or published in the scientific journal
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