Method: This identifies all pits in the DEM and raises their elevation to the level of the lowest pour point around their edge. Pits are low elevation areas in digital elevation models (DEMs) that are completely surrounded by higher terrain. They are generally taken to be artifacts that interfere with the routing of flow across DEMs, so are removed by raising their elevation to the point where they drain off the edge of the DEM. The pour point is the lowest point on the boundary of the "watershed" draining to the pit. This step is not essential if you have reason to believe that the pits in your DEM are real. This step can be circumvented by copying the raw DEM source data onto the file with suffix "fel" that is the output of "Fill Pits". Also if a few isolated pits are known, but others need to be filled, the isolated pits should have "no data" elevation values inserted at their lowest point. "no data" values serve to define edges in the domain, and elevations are only raised to where flow is off an edge, so an internal "no data" value will stop a pit from being filled if necessary.
The flow path grid to enforce drainage along existing streams is an optional input. The flow directions in the flow path grid grid take precedence over flow directions determined from the DEM and where these are uphill, the elevations along these flow paths are lowered, rather than upflow elevations raised. The verified flow path grid output when the optional flow path grid is used has loops and ambiguities present in the original flow path grid removed.
The enforcing of flow along a flow path should be used when the stream data source is deemed to be better than the DEM. The input flow path grid uses the D8 direction encoding, i.e. 1 - East, 2 - North East, 3 - North, 4 - North West, 5 - West, 6 - South West, 7 - South, 8 - South East. No data values indicate off stream locations. The flow path grid can be created by the network editor plugin in MapWindow or in ArcGIS by burning in a stream feature dataset using the following steps.
1. Convert features to raster retaining the same cell size and extent as the target DEM. Call the resulting grid strgrd.
2. Use raster calculator to subtract a large number from each elevation value that corresponds to a stream. This results in a temporary DEM with deep canyons along the streams. Call the resulting grid demcanyon.
3. Use "Fill Pits" and "D8 flow directions" to calculate flow directions on demcanyon. The flow directions calculated will be demcanyonp.
4. Use raster calculator to evaluate demcanyonp/strgrd. This will result in no data values off the stream raster due to a divide by 0, but will retain flow directions calculated on the stream raster. The convention for naming the result is to use the suffix fdr. This is the grid input to the "Fill pits function" to enforce stream flow directions.
Method: This identifies all pits in the DEM and raises their elevation to the level of the lowest pour point around their edge. Pits are low elevation areas in digital elevation models (DEMs) that are completely surrounded by higher terrain. They are generally taken to be artifacts that interfere with the routing of flow across DEMs, so are removed by raising their elevation to the point where they drain off the edge of the DEM. The pour point is the lowest point on the boundary of the "watershed" draining to the pit. This step is not essential if you have reason to believe that the pits in your DEM are real. This step can be circumvented by copying the raw DEM source data onto the file with suffix "fel" that is the output of "Fill Pits". Also if a few isolated pits are known, but others need to be filled, the isolated pits should have "no data" elevation values inserted at their lowest point. "no data" values serve to define edges in the domain, and elevations are only raised to where flow is off an edge, so an internal "no data" value will stop a pit from being filled if necessary.The flow path grid to enforce drainage along existing streams is an optional input. The flow directions in the flow path grid grid take precedence over flow directions determined from the DEM and where these are uphill, the elevations along these flow paths are lowered, rather than upflow elevations raised. The verified flow path grid output when the optional flow path grid is used has loops and ambiguities present in the original flow path grid removed.The enforcing of flow along a flow path should be used when the stream data source is deemed to be better than the DEM. The input flow path grid uses the D8 direction encoding, i.e. 1 - East, 2 - North East, 3 - North, 4 - North West, 5 - West, 6 - South West, 7 - South, 8 - South East. No data values indicate off stream locations. The flow path grid can be created by the network editor plugin in MapWindow or in ArcGIS by burning in a stream feature dataset using the following steps. 1. Convert features to raster retaining the same cell size and extent as the target DEM. Call the resulting grid strgrd. 2. Use raster calculator to subtract a large number from each elevation value that corresponds to a stream. This results in a temporary DEM with deep canyons along the streams. Call the resulting grid demcanyon. 3. Use "Fill Pits" and "D8 flow directions" to calculate flow directions on demcanyon. The flow directions calculated will be demcanyonp. 4. Use raster calculator to evaluate demcanyonp/strgrd. This will result in no data values off the stream raster due to a divide by 0, but will retain flow directions calculated on the stream raster. The convention for naming the result is to use the suffix fdr. This is the grid input to the "Fill pits function" to enforce stream flow directions.
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