We used existing scales to measure the model's constructs (see Table 2). Perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and enjoyment were measured using the scale of Davis et al. In addition, we used a subscale of Yoo et al.'s perceived quality scale to measure the quality construct. The three items with the highest loadings were selected for the questionnaire. For measuring convenience, we relied on the 3-item scale of Hu et al. and adapted it to the mobile business application setting. Intention to use was measured with the scale of Vijayasarathy (2004). We also adapted this scale to the context of this research. Finally, we measured actual use with two items derived from Pop
All items except for A1 and A2 (actual use) were measured using a 7-point Likert-scale. The Likert-scale was anchored with “strongly disagree” and “strongly agree”. In addition, the questionnaire contained a detailed description of business apps including several pictorial representations. Mobile business apps were defined as programs that are used on smartphones and Tablet PCs. Examples of mobile business apps, such as calendar management, office software, document readers or business card scanners, were also mentioned to help participants understand the meaning of mobile business apps. This ensures that participants will gain a broad understanding of various forms of business apps irrespective of their professional backgrounds and specific apps used.