7. Conclusion and discussion
Bottom trawl fishing using small mesh size nets was one of the fundamental reasons in depleting fisheries resources due to catching small fishes, even fry, and destroying the bottom of spawning habitat. Therefore, the Korean government tried to eliminate illegal bottom trawl fishing using law enforcement, but weak implementation led to 50 years where the numbers of vessels and therefore fishing effort continued to increase. Therefore, when the Korean government prioritized law enforcement under the support of the Korean president and also created an incentive program to buy-back vessels, illegal bottom trawling was effectively addressed.
7.1. Law enforcement
Many scholars and international instruments call on states to take measures to prevent, deter, and eliminate IUU fishing, including strict law enforcement, such as heavy monetary fines, confiscation of fishing vessels and fishing gear, and the withdrawal of fishing licenses. However, as demonstrated in this Korean example, law enforcement should be implemented from the very beginning and before the numbers of vessels increases. In addition, if the law is enacted without consensus of the stakeholders and is not implemented for long period of times, the cost could be enormous.
7.2. Incentive program
In this example, ‘command and control’ methods for eliminating illegal bottom trawl fishing was not a comprehensive solution. Temptation remained for bottom trawl fishermen to participate in the illegal bottom trawl fishing because of the increasing revenues. Carrying out an ‘incentive program’ to buy-back illegal bottom trawl vessels and a loan financing program to support the transition into legal fisheries provided additional ways to address IUU fishing. However, lobbying from these IUU fishermen implied that with enough advocacy their illegal activities could be compensated for by taxpayers' dollars.
7.3. Other programs
In addition to the buy-back program, other programs were also effective in addressing illegal bottom trawl fishing. For example, the Korean government has established a “D/B System,” “Report Award Program,” “Control and Monitoring Illegal Bottom Trawl Vessels”, and “Reinforcement of Penalty,” including confiscation of vessels for preventing re-entering illegal bottom trawl fishing, all of which are very effective.
The most successful program is the “Community-based Fisheries Management Program” that the Korean government started in 2001, for sustainable fisheries management by fishermen themselves in the fishing villages. When the number of illegal bottom trawl vessels was about 3000, permitted fishermen could not address illegal fishing, even though the fisheries resources were being depleted by these activities. However, as the law enforcement and buy-back program started to become effective and the number of illegal bottom trawl vessels decreased, permitted fishermen started to implement a “Community-based Fisheries Management Program” with government support to monitor and ban illegal bottom trawl fishing in their fishing areas. These fishermen know well who is illegally fishing and started to eliminate it by expelling their violators from the “Community-based Fisheries Management Program.” The success of this program is seen in the increase in participation. The number of people involved in the “Community-based Fisheries Management Program” was only 5107 members in 63 villages in 2001. However, it increased to 15,569 members in 174 villages in 2004, and 50,728 members in 659 villages in 2008.
7. สรุปผลและอภิปรายล่าง trawl ประมงใช้เล็กตาข่ายมุ้งขนาดหนึ่งเหตุผลพื้นฐานในพึ่งทรัพยากรประมงจากการจับปลาขนาดเล็ก แม้แต่ทอด และด้านล่างของที่อยู่อาศัยวางไข่ทำลาย ดังนั้น พยายามกำจัด trawl ล่างไม่ถูกต้องรัฐบาลเกาหลีตกปลาโดยใช้กฎหมาย แต่ใช้งานอ่อนแอนำไป 50 ปีที่จำนวนเรือ และตกปลาความพยายามอย่างต่อเนื่องเพื่อเพิ่มการ ดังนั้น เมื่อรัฐบาลเกาหลีจัดลำดับความสำคัญของกฎหมายภายใต้การสนับสนุนของประธานาธิบดีเกาหลี และยัง สร้างโปรแกรมจูงใจให้ซื้อกลับเรือ trawling ล่างไม่ถูกต้องถูกอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพอยู่7.1 การกฎหมายนักวิชาการและตราสารต่างประเทศจำนวนมากเรียกรัฐใช้มาตรการในการป้องกัน ขัดขวาง และขจัดการประมง IUU รวมทั้งเข้มงวดบังคับใช้กฎหมาย เช่นหนักเงินสินไหม confiscation ของตกปลาเรือ และอุปกรณ์ตกปลา และถอนใบอนุญาตตกปลา อย่างไรก็ตาม ดังที่แสดงในตัวอย่างนี้เกาหลี บังคับใช้กฎหมายดำเนินการเริ่มต้น และ ก่อนจำนวนเรือเพิ่มขึ้น นอกจากนี้ ถ้ากฎหมายบัญญัติ โดยช่วยให้การมีส่วนได้เสีย และไม่มีการนำมาใช้ระยะเวลานาน ต้นทุนอาจจะมหาศาล7.2 การโปรแกรมจูงใจIn this example, ‘command and control’ methods for eliminating illegal bottom trawl fishing was not a comprehensive solution. Temptation remained for bottom trawl fishermen to participate in the illegal bottom trawl fishing because of the increasing revenues. Carrying out an ‘incentive program’ to buy-back illegal bottom trawl vessels and a loan financing program to support the transition into legal fisheries provided additional ways to address IUU fishing. However, lobbying from these IUU fishermen implied that with enough advocacy their illegal activities could be compensated for by taxpayers' dollars.7.3. Other programsIn addition to the buy-back program, other programs were also effective in addressing illegal bottom trawl fishing. For example, the Korean government has established a “D/B System,” “Report Award Program,” “Control and Monitoring Illegal Bottom Trawl Vessels”, and “Reinforcement of Penalty,” including confiscation of vessels for preventing re-entering illegal bottom trawl fishing, all of which are very effective.The most successful program is the “Community-based Fisheries Management Program” that the Korean government started in 2001, for sustainable fisheries management by fishermen themselves in the fishing villages. When the number of illegal bottom trawl vessels was about 3000, permitted fishermen could not address illegal fishing, even though the fisheries resources were being depleted by these activities. However, as the law enforcement and buy-back program started to become effective and the number of illegal bottom trawl vessels decreased, permitted fishermen started to implement a “Community-based Fisheries Management Program” with government support to monitor and ban illegal bottom trawl fishing in their fishing areas. These fishermen know well who is illegally fishing and started to eliminate it by expelling their violators from the “Community-based Fisheries Management Program.” The success of this program is seen in the increase in participation. The number of people involved in the “Community-based Fisheries Management Program” was only 5107 members in 63 villages in 2001. However, it increased to 15,569 members in 174 villages in 2004, and 50,728 members in 659 villages in 2008.
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