Design/methodology/approach – The sample consisted of international students studying
hospitality management at two hotel schools in Switzerland and one in Scotland. The questionnaire
was administered to all who had recently completed an internship as part of their programme of study.
The two Swiss schools produced 179 usable questionnaires and the Scottish school, 98. Thus data were
obtained from students from many different nationalities, and effects due to differences in
organisational culture or teaching methods were controlled.