The non-covalent immobilization involves van der Waals forces, electrostatic
interactions, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. For avoiding desorption of enzymes, immobilization
can be conducted through direct covalent bonding between enzymes and clay minerals. Organic modification
of clay minerals and addition of linking molecules are made to improve the immobilization so as to
increase the loading, activity and stability of enzymes. Regarding the applications of enzyme immobilized on
clay minerals, recent studies are made mainly in biocatalytic processes and in biosensors. For manufacturing
biosensing electrodes, clay minerals with metal nanoparticles, graphene and carbon nanotubes prove to be
more effective owing mainly to the enhanced electron transfer. Future work on clay mineral enzyme hybrids
could lie in integrating more additional functional materials with clay mineral enzyme hybrids to build hierarchical
structured catalysts and electrode