spreading. A lot of this negativity is due to the belief that insects are an
unsafe source of food because they harbor diseases. These beliefs are reflected in current legislation, and in many places, insects are deemed to be
food contaminants. However, in terms of suitability as human food, insects
are no different from other animals: some are inedible, some are toxic and
some people are allergic to insects. Otherwise the main safety issue is
proper storage and cooking.
Why should insects be used as food? Insects are an abundant and easily
obtained food source. There are about 2,000 species of insects that are
eaten globally and they are a valuable source of subsistence food that can
be important for nutrition. The nutritional value of some insects is
equivalent to some conventional meats. The resources required to produce
a kilogram of insect protein compared to a kilogram of beef protein are
significantly lower so insect production has a much smaller environmental
footprint. Furthermore, except for termites, insects produce less greenhouse gas than conventional stock animals.
Currently a lot of conventional animal foods are provided with wild-harvested fish meal as part of their diet, to the detriment of global fish supplies. Insects could play a more important indirect role as food through
their use as feed for animals that people use as food (especially poultry and
aquaculture) or as supplements in the booming pet food industries. If insects can be used as an effective substitute for fish-meal in food, it will help
conserve global fish resources.
One of the major reasons that many people eat insects is that they are
generally free. The intensified interest in insect foods has resulted in
increasing commercialization that has boosted demand and many people
who normally utilize insects for subsistence now collect them to sell.
Increasing demand, in conjunction with other adverse environmental
problems, has put pressures on the wild populations of several species of
edible insects, and insect farming is seen as a way of meeting increased
demands. Food production, distribution and the way it is used in industrialized societies results in a lot of waste. Organic farm wastes, unused
food, and even waste food, can be used as food substrates to produce insect
protein that can be used as food or feed. The consumption of insects need
not involve ingesting whole insects but rather the inclusion of powdered
insects as protein supplements in more traditional foods such as bread or
noodles.
The media hype has led to several facts being overlooked. First, insects
were eaten by most cultures during some time in their histories. In fact,
the use of insects as food still continues in Africa, Asia and in Latin
America, with an estimated two billion people including insects as part of
their normal diet. Secondly, insects are often a food of choice and not
associated with famine (although insect-derived protein could in future
play an important role in famine situations). The use of insects as food is
actually increasing with rising living standards in these countries, and
some insects can be more expensive than the meat of conventional food
animals.
Insects were an important food item for many groups of Australian Aborigines. They provided nutrients in a harsh environment and many were
important in their cultural life (2). More effort is required in identifying the
insect foods of Australian Aborigines and their nutritional and health
benefits.
Insects should be viewed as another type of food that has enormous potential as an additional food source to help alleviate hunger, and the potential to be a gourmet food item in their own right. There are several key
questions to be answered about insects as food. Can they provide some
nutritional or health benefits that cannot be obtained from other food
sources, or are they a better supplier of these? Can they provide the same
nutritional elements as conventional meat animals or plants? Can we
collect or harvest insects in numbers that will meet future demand? Can
we convince people to accept insects as food?
Funding source(s): N/A.
References
1. van Huis A, Van Itterbeeck J, Klunder H, Mertens E, Halloran A, Muir G,
Vantomme P. (2013) Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed
security. FAO Forestry Paper 171. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations: Rome.
2. Yen, AL. Edible insects and management of country. Ecol Manag Restor.
2012;13(1): 97-99.
5
EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR FEEDING AQUACULTURE SPECIES
C.G. Carter 1, R.C. Hauler 2, L.R. Adams 1. 1 Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre,
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania,
Australia; 2 Skretting Australia, Hobart, TAS, Australia
E-mail: chris.carter@utas.edu.au (C.G. Carter)
Global aquaculture currently equals wild fishery production, aquaculture
production will continue to increase and a gap will progressively widen as
it dominates supply. Aquaculture has an important role in global food
security, it must be developed in a sustainable way and navigate multiple
challenges including developing shared societal values, negotiating access
to limiting resources, dealing with environmental variability and climate
change effects. Effective strategies for feeding aquaculture species will
contribute to ensuring the sustainability of aquaculture. Strategies will be
outlined in relation to trends in global aquaculture systems and Atlantic
salmon will be discussed in detail as one of the most important intensive
aquaculture species. Strategies include: determining the most effective use
of finite marine protein and lipid sources; ingredient development
including plant proteins and biotechnological innovation; closer alignment
between fish nutrition and fish health needs including gut health; feeding
for new aquaculture systems including species new to aquaculture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, offshore and recirculation technology;
selective breeding that considers traits related to both fish and human
nutrition; managing product quality for human health.
Aquaculture is as diverse as terrestrial agriculture: vertebrates, invertebrates and plants are farmed using many different systems and
aquaculture meets both human nutritional needs and market demand for
luxury foods. A significant difference is the range of species that have been
investigated, commercialisation of over 300 different species from several
phyla including finfish, crustaceans (arthropods), molluscs and echinoderms has been considered at some level. This raises questions about how
to approach developing strategies for feeding aquaculture and optimising
research and development. Choices about which species to farm may have
to be made. Some species obtain nutrition directly from the environment
and don’t require feeding, these not only include aquatic plants but also
animals such as filter-feeding molluscs or detritus-feeding “worms”. Apart
from seaweeds, aquaculture production is dominated by Chinese major
carps grown under semi-intensive systems that integrate polyculture in
freshwater ponds with terrestrial agriculture. Carp polyculture presents an
excellent approach to sustainable aquaculture, it is based on sophisticated
management of at least six key fish species that occupy different trophic
niches, these connections allows cycling of nutrients through food webs
and recycling of by-products from terrestrial agricultural. In 2011 nearly 23
million Mt of carp were grown and accounted for 38% total aquaculture
production (1). Semi-intensive aquaculture systems represented by carp
polyculture are essential components underpinning increasing aquaculture production and a global strategy for food security.
Whilst Atlantic salmon and other products from intensive aquaculture are
relatively expensive human foods they have high market place acceptance
and great potential in human nutrition, they should be viewed as integral
components national food planning. Currently intensive aquaculture,
including nearly 2 million Mt of Atlantic salmon, accounts for less than 10%
of global aquaculture production but has an increasing value of at least US$
20 billion. Under a typical intensive aquaculture system all of the food is
supplied in a sequence of aquafeeds formulated to meet changing nutritional needs of different life-history stages over the production cycle.
Control of feed formulations provides fine-tuning to support sustainability.
For example, Atlantic salmon grow from 0.1 g yolk-sac fry to 4-5 kg harvest
fish in around 2 years. Understanding how and when to change the feed
formulation provides several opportunities for optimising the use of
limited or expensive feed ingredients. Atlantic salmon are carnivorous
ectotherms and current feeds are mainly protein and lipid. In comparison
to terrestrial farm animals the feeds are high in protein, it is therefore
effective to develop alternative protein sources and these will be discussed
in detail. Furthermore, Atlantic salmon can utilise feeds with remarkably
high lipid to deposit large amounts of fatty acids.
Greater knowledge about nutrient requirements and considerable ingredient development underpins a shift from aquafeeds being based mainly on
6
Abstracts / Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 1 (2014) 1e55
marine products, particularly fishmeal and fish oil, to being mainly based on
terrestrial products. One of the most important on-going strategies for
feeding aquaculture is continually refining feeds to ensure they remain
sustainable. This is especially the case for intensive aquaculture systems
that rely on formulated manufactured aquafeeds. Ingredient screening and
development underpin this and sit alongside other strategies to improve
animal performance and increase how efficiently feeds are used.
Aquaculture has global reach and offers aquaculture systems that are
appropriate in different regions depending on environmental, cultural and
socio-econom
แพร่กระจาย คือ negativity นี้มากเนื่องจากความเชื่อว่าแมลงมีการแหล่งที่ไม่ปลอดภัยของอาหารเนื่องจากพวกเขาท่าโรค ความเชื่อเหล่านี้เป็น reflected ในกฎหมายปัจจุบัน และในหลาย ๆ แมลงจะถือว่าเป็นสารปนเปื้อนในอาหาร อย่างไรก็ตาม ในแง่ของความเหมาะสมเป็นอาหารของมนุษย์ แมลงไม่แตกต่างจากสัตว์อื่น: มีทาน มีพิษ และบางคนจะแพ้แมลง มิฉะนั้นจะ เป็นปัญหาความปลอดภัยหลักจัดเก็บที่เหมาะสมและการทำอาหารทำไมควรแมลงใช้เป็นอาหารหรือไม่ แมลงมีความอุดมสมบูรณ์ และง่ายดายได้แหล่งอาหาร มีประมาณ 2000 พันธุ์แมลงที่กินทั่วโลก และเป็นแหล่งมีคุณค่าอาหารชีพที่สามารถมีความสำคัญต่อการโภชนาการ มีคุณค่าทางโภชนาการของแมลงบางเนื้อสัตว์เท่ากับปกติบางอย่าง ทรัพยากรที่จำเป็นในการผลิตกิโลกรัมเมื่อเทียบกับโปรตีนเนื้อหนึ่งกิโลกรัมโปรตีนแมลงมีsignificantly ต่ำกว่าดังนั้นแมลงผลิตมีสิ่งแวดล้อมขนาดเล็กรอยเท้า นอกจาก ยกเว้นปลวก แมลงผลิตก๊าซเรือนกระจกน้อยกว่าสัตว์ทั่วไปหุ้นปัจจุบันจำนวนมากอาหารสัตว์ทั่วไปมีอาหารป่าเก็บเกี่ยว fish เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของอาหารของพวกเขา การร้ายของโลก fish อุปกรณ์พร้อม แมลงอาจมีบทบาทสำคัญทางอ้อมเป็นอาหารผ่านใช้เป็นอาหารสำหรับสัตว์คนที่ใช้เป็นอาหาร (โดยเฉพาะสัตว์ปีก และเพาะเลี้ยงสัตว์น้ำ) หรือ เป็นอาหารเสริมในอุตสาหกรรมอาหารสัตว์เฟื่องฟู ถ้าแมลงสามารถใช้เป็นการทดแทนมีประสิทธิภาพ fish อาหารในอาหาร มันจะช่วยให้conserve global fish resources.One of the major reasons that many people eat insects is that they aregenerally free. The intensified interest in insect foods has resulted inincreasing commercialization that has boosted demand and many peoplewho normally utilize insects for subsistence now collect them to sell.Increasing demand, in conjunction with other adverse environmentalproblems, has put pressures on the wild populations of several species ofedible insects, and insect farming is seen as a way of meeting increaseddemands. Food production, distribution and the way it is used in industrialized societies results in a lot of waste. Organic farm wastes, unusedfood, and even waste food, can be used as food substrates to produce insectprotein that can be used as food or feed. The consumption of insects neednot involve ingesting whole insects but rather the inclusion of powderedinsects as protein supplements in more traditional foods such as bread ornoodles.The media hype has led to several facts being overlooked. First, insectswere eaten by most cultures during some time in their histories. In fact,the use of insects as food still continues in Africa, Asia and in LatinAmerica, with an estimated two billion people including insects as part oftheir normal diet. Secondly, insects are often a food of choice and notassociated with famine (although insect-derived protein could in futureมีบทบาทสำคัญในภาวะสถานการณ์) การใช้แมลงเป็นอาหารจริง เพิ่มคุณภาพชีวิตเพิ่มขึ้นในประเทศเหล่านี้ และแมลงบางอย่างอาจแพงกว่าเนื้ออาหารทั่วไปสัตว์แมลงมีสินค้าอาหารที่สำคัญสำหรับกลุ่มหลายของ Aborigines ของออสเตรเลีย จะให้สารอาหารในสภาพแวดล้อมที่รุนแรง และมากขึ้นสิ่งสำคัญในชีวิตของพวกเขาวัฒนธรรม (2) ความพยายามเพิ่มเติมต้องระบุการแมลงอาหาร Aborigines ของออสเตรเลียและการโภชนาการและสุขภาพbenefitsควรดูแมลงชนิดอื่นมีศักยภาพมหาศาลเป็นอาหารเพิ่มเติมเพื่อช่วยบรรเทาความหิว และศักยภาพที่จะประกอบอาหาร gourmet ในสิทธิของตนเอง มีหลายคีย์คำถามให้ตอบเกี่ยวกับแมลงเป็นอาหาร พวกเขาสามารถให้บางส่วนหรือไม่โภชนาการ หรือ benefits สุขภาพที่ไม่ได้รับจากอาหารอื่น ๆแหล่ง หรือเป็นผู้จำหน่ายที่ดีกว่านี้หรือไม่ จะสามารถให้ได้เหมือนกันองค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการทั่วไปเนื้อสัตว์หรือพืชหรือไม่ เราสามารถรวบรวม หรือเก็บเกี่ยวแมลงในหมายเลขที่จะตอบสนองความต้องการในอนาคต สามารถเรามั่นใจคนยอมรับว่าแมลงเป็นอาหารหรือไม่แหล่งทุน: n/aการอ้างอิง1. A ฮุยส์รถตู้ Van Itterbeeck J, Klunder H, Mertens E, Halloran A, Muir GP. Vantomme (2013) กินแมลง: แนวโน้มในอนาคตสำหรับอาหารและอาหารความปลอดภัย FAO ป่าไม้กระดาษ 171 อาหารและการเกษตรจัดสหประชาชาติ: โรม2. เย็น AL. กินแมลงและการจัดการของประเทศ Ecol Manag Restor2012;13(1): 97-995กลยุทธ์ที่มีประสิทธิภาพสำหรับพันธุ์สัตว์น้ำให้อาหารC.G. คาร์เตอร์ 1, R.C. Hauler 2, L.R. Adams 1 การประมง 1 และศูนย์เพาะเลี้ยงสัตว์น้ำสถาบันมารีนและแอนตาร์กติกศึกษา มหาวิทยาลัยแทสเมเนียออสเตรเลีย 2 Skretting ออสเตรเลีย โฮบาร์ต TAS ออสเตรเลียอีเมล์: chris.carter@utas.edu.au (C.G. คาร์เตอร์)เพาะเลี้ยงสัตว์น้ำทั่วโลกในขณะนี้เท่ากับผลิต fishery ป่า เพาะเลี้ยงสัตว์น้ำผลิตจะยังคงเพิ่มขึ้น และช่องว่างจะขยายเป็นความก้าวหน้ามันกุมอำนาจอุปทาน สัตว์น้ำมีบทบาทสำคัญในอาหารระดับโลกความปลอดภัย นั้นต้องพัฒนาแบบยั่งยืน และนำหลายความท้าทายรวมถึงการพัฒนาค่านิยมร่วม การเข้าเจรจาเมื่อต้องการจำกัดทรัพยากร การจัดการกับความแปรผันของสิ่งแวดล้อมและภูมิอากาศเปลี่ยนลักษณะพิเศษ กลยุทธ์ที่มีประสิทธิภาพสำหรับการให้อาหารสัตว์น้ำพันธุ์จะมีส่วนร่วมเพื่อความยั่งยืนของการเพาะเลี้ยงสัตว์น้ำ กลยุทธ์จะอธิบายเกี่ยวกับแนวโน้มในระบบเพาะเลี้ยงสัตว์น้ำทั่วโลกและมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติกปลาแซลมอนจะกล่าวถึงในรายละเอียดเป็นอันมากสำคัญที่สุดพันธุ์สัตว์น้ำ รวมกลยุทธ์: กำหนดการใช้มีประสิทธิภาพสูงสุดfinite มารีนโปรตีนและไขมันแหล่ง การพัฒนาส่วนผสมโปรตีนพืชและนวัตกรรม biotechnological ตำแหน่งที่ใกล้ชิดระหว่าง fish โภชนาการและสุขภาพ fish ต้องรวมถึงสุขภาพลำไส้ ให้อาหารfor new aquaculture systems including species new to aquaculture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, offshore and recirculation technology;selective breeding that considers traits related to both fish and humannutrition; managing product quality for human health.Aquaculture is as diverse as terrestrial agriculture: vertebrates, invertebrates and plants are farmed using many different systems andaquaculture meets both human nutritional needs and market demand forluxury foods. A significant difference is the range of species that have beeninvestigated, commercialisation of over 300 different species from severalphyla including finfish, crustaceans (arthropods), molluscs and echinoderms has been considered at some level. This raises questions about howto approach developing strategies for feeding aquaculture and optimisingresearch and development. Choices about which species to farm may haveto be made. Some species obtain nutrition directly from the environmentand don’t require feeding, these not only include aquatic plants but alsoanimals such as filter-feeding molluscs or detritus-feeding “worms”. Apartfrom seaweeds, aquaculture production is dominated by Chinese majorcarps grown under semi-intensive systems that integrate polyculture infreshwater ponds with terrestrial agriculture. Carp polyculture presents anexcellent approach to sustainable aquaculture, it is based on sophisticatedmanagement of at least six key fish species that occupy different trophicniches, these connections allows cycling of nutrients through food websand recycling of by-products from terrestrial agricultural. In 2011 nearly 23million Mt of carp were grown and accounted for 38% total aquacultureproduction (1). Semi-intensive aquaculture systems represented by carppolyculture are essential components underpinning increasing aquaculture production and a global strategy for food security.Whilst Atlantic salmon and other products from intensive aquaculture arerelatively expensive human foods they have high market place acceptanceand great potential in human nutrition, they should be viewed as integralcomponents national food planning. Currently intensive aquaculture,including nearly 2 million Mt of Atlantic salmon, accounts for less than 10%of global aquaculture production but has an increasing value of at least US$20 billion. Under a typical intensive aquaculture system all of the food issupplied in a sequence of aquafeeds formulated to meet changing nutritional needs of different life-history stages over the production cycle.Control of feed formulations provides fine-tuning to support sustainability.For example, Atlantic salmon grow from 0.1 g yolk-sac fry to 4-5 kg harvestfish in around 2 years. Understanding how and when to change the feedformulation provides several opportunities for optimising the use oflimited or expensive feed ingredients. Atlantic salmon are carnivorous
ectotherms and current feeds are mainly protein and lipid. In comparison
to terrestrial farm animals the feeds are high in protein, it is therefore
effective to develop alternative protein sources and these will be discussed
in detail. Furthermore, Atlantic salmon can utilise feeds with remarkably
high lipid to deposit large amounts of fatty acids.
Greater knowledge about nutrient requirements and considerable ingredient development underpins a shift from aquafeeds being based mainly on
6
Abstracts / Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 1 (2014) 1e55
marine products, particularly fishmeal and fish oil, to being mainly based on
terrestrial products. One of the most important on-going strategies for
feeding aquaculture is continually refining feeds to ensure they remain
sustainable. This is especially the case for intensive aquaculture systems
that rely on formulated manufactured aquafeeds. Ingredient screening and
development underpin this and sit alongside other strategies to improve
animal performance and increase how efficiently feeds are used.
Aquaculture has global reach and offers aquaculture systems that are
appropriate in different regions depending on environmental, cultural and
socio-econom
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