3.4. Isolation by distance (IBD)
Although the correlation coefficient of genetic distances [FST/(1-FST)] and geographic distances (converted to log values) for all the Octopus minor samples was low (R ¼ 0.383), it was significant (P ¼ 0.004, 10,000 permutations) (as shown in Fig. S2, R2 ¼ 0.148, P ¼ 0.004), displaying an isolation-by-distance (IBD) pattern of gene flow. The IBD pattern remained significant (P < 0.05) after excluding any single locus from the analysis, indicating that the correlation was not severely affected by any particular locus.