Last but not least, a further interesting
research and development topic is the application
of VLC for indoor navigation and localization,
in particular in large labyrinthine buildings
like hospitals, railway stations, or shopping malls.
While GPS signals are often not available indoors
and radio fails due to rich multipath propagation,
artificial lighting is omnipresent in such areas.
Obtaining indoor location information by means
of light sources may be an attractive solution. A
spatial resolution of a few centimeters can potentially
be achieved by using multiple lamps transmitting
individual beacon signals in combination
with imaging optics (e.g., a smartphone camera).