where f(t) is the symbol pulse shape and Ts is the duration of one symbol. For binary signal¬ing, Ts = Tb, where Tb is the time that it takes to send 1 bit. For multilevel signaling, Ts = ZTb. The set {an} is the set of random data. For example, for the unipolar NRZ line code, f(t) = n(T) and an = +A V when a binary 1 is sent and an = 0 V when a binary 0 is sent.