2.2. ARCS model
The ARCS model is a problem solving approach to designing the motivational aspects of learning environments
to stimulate and sustain students’ motivation to learn (Keller, 1983). To accurately measure the change in learner
motivation, Karoulis and Demetriadis (2005) indicated that the ARCS model (Keller, 1987) can be the standard of
how much the learning motivation is increased by the game. The four dimensions of ARCS are the following:
Attention- attention which increases the learner's curiosity, Relevance- establishment of the relevance of the learning
content to learners, Confidence- feedback to the learner, through the effort and the learning process of self-control,
Satisfaction- the satisfaction or reward the learner can gain.