14 RCTs (seven of which used women as their own controls).86 [EL = 1−] Most trials where women
acted as their own controls were small-scale (n = 23 or fewer in six of the trials). In the other trials,
sample sizes ranged from 40 to 1067, with four of the trials involving over 200 women. The trials
of
positioning during the first stage of labour compared mobilisation or upright positions with one or
more horizontal positions in bed