First, John Braithwaite's Crime, Shame and Reintegration (1989), although focusing on the possibilities of reducing crime, rather than on social order in a wider sense, invokes Durkheim's view of punishment as an important statement of social values. Braithwaite argues that the cere-monies of criminal justice should be such as to encourage offenders to feel shame at their actions, but, echoing Mead and subsequent labelling theorists, he insists that actual punishments should be such as to help the offender feel reinforced in his/her membership of society. Braithwaite also argues that the shamefulness of anti-social action must be promoted through all of society's institutions, and says that punishment can only be effective in reducing crime in a society that generally views wrongdoing as something of which to be ashamed.