All participating growers were persuaded to raise seedling plants in local nurseries. During November, seed beds were prepared for planting. The non-IPM treatment used flat beds with no soil modification or solarization. For the IPM treatment, raised beds (~37.5 cm height) were prepared. The soil in the raised beds was solarized by covering beds with a transparent sheet of polythene (70 mm thick), for three weeks prior to planting. Soil in the IPM treatment was modified by adding T. harzianum (108 conidia/g) to farmyard manure at a rate of 250 g/100 kg manure, and neem cake was added to the soil at a rate of 50 g/m2 of seed beds. Seeds of the hybrid cauliflower variety, ‘Sonia’ (Doctor Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Ludhiana, India), from the March maturity group and suitable for the latewinter season, were used by farmers for planting both treatments. Seeds were planted at a rate of 0.3e0.4 kg seed/ha. For the non-IPM treatment, seeds were treated with carbendazim 50 WP at 1 g a.i./kg seed. For the IPM treatment, seeds were treated with T. harzianum at 4 g/kg of seed, and by imidacloprid 70 WS at 3.5 g a.i./kg of seed for management of P. debaryanum and L. erysimi, respectively. In the nursery stage, observations were made on 100 plants from a 1-m2 sampling area just prior to transplanting (~35 days after planting), and the numbers of plants infected with damping off disease were recorded.