Participants
I obtained participants from two sources. The first source consisted of audit practitioners. I
sent an email to auditors at several public accounting firms containing a hyperlink that randomly
directed the auditors to one of the experimental conditions. The second source consisted of graduate
accounting students at a large state university, who participated in a paper-based version of the
experiment.2 Prior research in both psychology e.g., Gosling et al. 2004 and accounting Alexander
et al. 2006 finds that the results of Internet-based research are consistent with the results of
paper-based research.
The attributes of the experimental task and manipulations suggest the students are appropriate
surrogates for staff auditors in this case. First, the experimental task is of low complexity and does
not involve the types of judgments made by upper-level auditors e.g., audit fees; client acceptance.
While students are not adequate surrogates for professionals for more complex tasks e.g.,
Lehmann and Norman 2006; Tubbs 1992, students are satisfactory surrogates for auditors for less
complex tasks involving information processing Peecher and Solomon 2001; Ashton and Kramer
1980.
3
Second, both groups are likely to respond similarly to the independent variables. Prior research
has found a similar effect of ingratiation on the judgments of graduate students Varma et
al. 2006 and professionals Orpen 1996. The incentive manipulation consists of both a corporate
and personal incentive because the client controller will only receive a bonus if the client meets its
EPS forecast. The graduate students understand the importance of meeting an EPS forecast
through their accounting and business courses, as well as the personal importance of a bonus. I
2 All
ParticipantsI obtained participants from two sources. The first source consisted of audit practitioners. Isent an email to auditors at several public accounting firms containing a hyperlink that randomlydirected the auditors to one of the experimental conditions. The second source consisted of graduateaccounting students at a large state university, who participated in a paper-based version of theexperiment.2 Prior research in both psychology e.g., Gosling et al. 2004 and accounting Alexanderet al. 2006 finds that the results of Internet-based research are consistent with the results ofpaper-based research.The attributes of the experimental task and manipulations suggest the students are appropriatesurrogates for staff auditors in this case. First, the experimental task is of low complexity and doesnot involve the types of judgments made by upper-level auditors e.g., audit fees; client acceptance.While students are not adequate surrogates for professionals for more complex tasks e.g.,Lehmann and Norman 2006; Tubbs 1992, students are satisfactory surrogates for auditors for lesscomplex tasks involving information processing Peecher and Solomon 2001; Ashton and Kramer1980.3Second, both groups are likely to respond similarly to the independent variables. Prior researchhas found a similar effect of ingratiation on the judgments of graduate students Varma etal. 2006 and professionals Orpen 1996. The incentive manipulation consists of both a corporateand personal incentive because the client controller will only receive a bonus if the client meets itsEPS forecast. The graduate students understand the importance of meeting an EPS forecastthrough their accounting and business courses, as well as the personal importance of a bonus. I2 All
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