The effect of Ca2+is exemplified with goat’s milk, whichhas a naturally high Ca2+level and is very difficult to pro-cess under UHT conditions without modification (Prakashet al. 2007). By contrast, cow’s milk has a much lowerCa2+level and can be UHT-processed for several hours withminimal fouling. Rem oval of calcium from goat’s milk byeither cation exchange or chelation with phosphates or cit-rate markedly reduced fouling during UHT processing(Prakash et al. 2007). Reduction in Ca2+by addition ofphosphates and citrates also reduced sediment formation in heated goat’s milk (Zadow et al. 1983; Montilla and Calvo1997). This was confirmed by Boumpa et al. (2008) who studied the effect of TSC and three phosphates, sodiumhexametaphosphate (SHMP), DSHP and sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate (SDHP), on sediment formation in UHT-pro-cessed goat’s milk. TSC, SHMP and DSHP decreased bothCa2+and sediment formation; however, SDHP had littleeffect on Ca2+or sediment formation.