In conclusion, we found that current depressive symptoms defined by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were associated with vitamin D status in summer but not in wintertime in the adult population aged 18–79 years in Germany. The association in the summertime suggests that the relationship between vitamin D status and current depressive symptoms are greatest when UVB exposure opportunities are higher. These findings support the idea that vitamin D deficiency may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression. Longitudinal studies considering the amount of UVB exposure may help clarify the role of season in the association of vitamin D and depressive symptoms.