As in Dietsch and Lozano-Vivas (2000), the environmental variables can be categorized into
three different groups: The first group is called as “main conditions”, including a measure of
population density, per capita income and density of demand for each country. Population density is
measured by the ratio of the inhabitants living per square kilometer. Per capita income, which serves
as a proxy for the general economic development, is measured by ratio of gross domestic product
(GDP) per square kilometer. The density of demand is measured by the ratio of total deposits per
square kilometer.
The second group, which includes average capital ratio, degree of concentration and
intermediation ratio of the banking industry, characterize the structure of the banking industry in each
country. Average capital ratio, which is measured by the total equity over total assets, is included as a
control variable for reflecting the differences in the regulatory requirements among countries.
Concentration of the banking industry is measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, measured by
summing the squared asset markets shares of all banks in each country. The intermediation ratio,
which is measured by the ratio of total loans to total deposits, is included into the estimation equations
as a proxy to recognize the differences among domestic banking industries in terms of their ability to
convert deposits into loans.
The final category , which is related with banking efficiency, includes macroeconomic
variables; annual rate of inflation, GDP growth to take into account the macroeconomic conditions,
M2 to GDP as a proxy for the overall size of the financial intermediary sector, and market
capitalization to capture the financial market development.
As in Dietsch and Lozano-Vivas (2000), the environmental variables can be categorized intothree different groups: The first group is called as “main conditions”, including a measure ofpopulation density, per capita income and density of demand for each country. Population density ismeasured by the ratio of the inhabitants living per square kilometer. Per capita income, which servesas a proxy for the general economic development, is measured by ratio of gross domestic product(GDP) per square kilometer. The density of demand is measured by the ratio of total deposits persquare kilometer.The second group, which includes average capital ratio, degree of concentration andintermediation ratio of the banking industry, characterize the structure of the banking industry in eachcountry. Average capital ratio, which is measured by the total equity over total assets, is included as acontrol variable for reflecting the differences in the regulatory requirements among countries.Concentration of the banking industry is measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, measured bysumming the squared asset markets shares of all banks in each country. The intermediation ratio,which is measured by the ratio of total loans to total deposits, is included into the estimation equationsas a proxy to recognize the differences among domestic banking industries in terms of their ability toconvert deposits into loans.The final category , which is related with banking efficiency, includes macroeconomicvariables; annual rate of inflation, GDP growth to take into account the macroeconomic conditions,M2 to GDP as a proxy for the overall size of the financial intermediary sector, and marketcapitalization to capture the financial market development.
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