1. Use prior knowledge and knowledge
about the target language to elaborate
and complete interpretation.
2. Infer missing or unfamiliar words
using contextual clues, familiar
content words, visual clues.
3. Draw on knowledge of the world.
4. Apply knowledge about the target
language.
5. Visualize scenes, objects, events, etc.
being described.
6. Reconstruct meaning using words
heard.
7. Relate one part of the text to another.
8. Relate limited interpretation to a
wider social/linguistic context.
9. Assess the importance of problematic
parts and decide whether to ignore
them or actively seek clarification.
10. Find L1 equivalents for selected key
words.
11. Translate a sequence of utterance.
12. Predict general contents before
listening using contexts and prior
knowledge.
13. Predict details and unfinished
utterances using contexts and prior
knowledge.