second, there is a shortage of skilled labour both at the professional and non-professional levels which heightens the costs of managing such operations either by investing more into human resource activities such as training and career development, or by relying on more expensive expatriates to ensure that operations run smoothly. the shortage of skilled labour is exacerbated by a high level of staff turnover, which varies widely by region, industry and type of enterprise. for example, a recent survey found that the average turnover rate for all types of foreign-invested enterprises in was 13.3% nearly unchanged from 13.4% the year before.