Patient safety was measured by six items that have been
used by Teng et al. (2009a,b). Those studies found that
these items have a Cronbachs a of 0.76 and 0.84. The
six items were administrated by asking nurses, In the
past year, what was the frequency of the following
incidents that involved your clients or yourself? In
other words, high values on these items represent low
levels of patient safety. Self-reported measures of patient
safety have also been used by Spence Laschinger
and Leiter (2006). Table 2 lists the means and standard
deviations of items measuring patient safety.