Although conjugated rod–coil block copolymers have been extensively studied, several issues remain scientific challenges for polymer scientists. These include new synthetic approaches for conjugated rod–coil block copolymers with well-defined molecular architectures, precise control of polymer morphology in different phases, and enhancing optoelectronic device performance. This review aims at providing an overview and future prospects of the above issues on conjugated rod–coil block copolymers systems (Fig. 2).