3. Case study: Turkey
3.1. Background information and model inputs
The HMWS model considers 81 provinces with varying hazardous waste types and generation rates (Fig. 4). All 81 provinces
are taken as generation nodes. Establishment of HW handling facilities in 19 provinces in Turkey are identified as not probable in
real life due to their low hazardous waste generation, high tourism
activity or poor highway network. These provinces are omitted
from the candidate HW locations (i.e. destination nodes) in order to
simplify the mathematical model. The Thrace Region, which includes the part of Istanbul on the European continent, Tekirdag,
Edirne, and Kirklareli provinces is handled separately from the rest
of the country because transporting HWs through the Bosphorus
and Dardanelles Straits would create extensive risk to the public
and the environment. This is in line with the Turkish Ministry of
Environment and Urbanization’s decision to limit hazmat transportation across the Straits.
Currently, a number of small-to medium-sized recovery plants
is already been established around the country instead of few largescale facilities. To represent this existing situation, we assume that
recovery facilities to serve each province (generator node) are
already available. Therefore, we set the number of recovery facilities to 82 (78 in the Anatolia and four in the Thrace Region) in the
model.
Based on waste generation data and technical feasibilities, we
decided that establishing ten facilities each for treatment, incineration and landfilling, would be suitable for Anatolia. In addition to
these facilities, at least one treatment, incineration and landfilling
facility should be located in the Thrace Region to avoid high-risk
transportation across Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. Existing
hazardous waste facilities (an incinerator and a landfill in Kocaeli,
an incinerator in Izmir and a landfill in Manisa) are not taken into
consideration to verify appropriateness of their locations.
Due to the lack of a detailed hazardous waste inventory in
Turkey, we used the provincial waste generation data estimated
through waste generation factors by Yilmaz (2011) (Table 2). The
HW generation is concentrated in Western Turkey. Certain provinces with high industrial activity, such as Istanbul and Izmir,
significantly contribute to the country’s HW generation (Fig. 4).
The ranges of investment and operational costs used in the
study are listed in Table 3. The population and environmental
impact matrices for the Turkish case study can be found in the SI section