Six technologies are critical to the production of national power. The most important technologies today are information and communications, which include high-performance computing and networking, software, data storage and peripherals, computer simulation and modeling, microelectronics and optoelectronics, sensors and signal processing, and high-definition imaging and displays. But the leading sectors of tomorrow could develop from one or more of the following five technology clusters. Materials are the ceramics, composites, and high-performance metals and alloys that promise significant improvement in the performance of items produced and used by virtually every sector of the economy. Manufacturing technologies crucial to national power are precision machining, materials manufacturing, micro- and nano fabrication technologies, and machine tools. The biotechnology and life sciences include both applied molecular biology and medical technology that permits unconventional solutions to major problems in diverse fields like agriculture, manufacturing, and the environment. Aeronautics and surface transportation include advanced systems that enhance our civilian and military capabilities and increase the ease and safety of travel. Energy and the environment includes technologies that could provide safe, secure, and enduring sources of energy and ensure a healthy environment for future generations. Finally, attention must be paid to militarily critical technologies.