Neuroimaging — By the time a patient is considered to have IE, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study will usually have been performed. In many cases, this should be repeated, particularly if the original study was unrevealing. In some cases, follow-up MRI reveals an etiology for epilepsy (such as cerebral neoplasm, autoimmune encephalitis) that was not seen on the initial study and requires specific therapies in addition to AEDs [79]. The sensitivity of MRI for an underlying cause of epilepsy (so-called lesional epilepsy) can be substantially improved by using an epilepsy protocol; these are not routinely used outside of subspecialty epilepsy centers. (See "Neuroimaging in the evaluation of seizures and epilepsy", section on 'Sensitivity'.)
Not all MRI findings are relevant; isolated findings of diffuse atrophy, punctate foci of T2 signal abnormalities in the white matter, and other nonspecific findings are not known to be epileptogenic. MRI findings should be correlated with the patient's seizure semiology and EEG findings; some potentially epileptogenic lesions may be incidental.
In the absence of a causative lesion on MRI, an epileptogenic focus can sometimes be defined in patients with localization-related epilepsy using advanced neuroimaging techniques including positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic source imaging (MSI). The choice of study often depends upon the availability and expertise at a particular center. The use of these tests is discussed in detail separately. (See "Neuroimaging in the evaluation of seizures and epilepsy" and "Surgical treatment of epilepsy in adults".)
Neuroimaging — By the time a patient is considered to have IE, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study will usually have been performed. In many cases, this should be repeated, particularly if the original study was unrevealing. In some cases, follow-up MRI reveals an etiology for epilepsy (such as cerebral neoplasm, autoimmune encephalitis) that was not seen on the initial study and requires specific therapies in addition to AEDs [79]. The sensitivity of MRI for an underlying cause of epilepsy (so-called lesional epilepsy) can be substantially improved by using an epilepsy protocol; these are not routinely used outside of subspecialty epilepsy centers. (See "Neuroimaging in the evaluation of seizures and epilepsy", section on 'Sensitivity'.)Not all MRI findings are relevant; isolated findings of diffuse atrophy, punctate foci of T2 signal abnormalities in the white matter, and other nonspecific findings are not known to be epileptogenic. MRI findings should be correlated with the patient's seizure semiology and EEG findings; some potentially epileptogenic lesions may be incidental.In the absence of a causative lesion on MRI, an epileptogenic focus can sometimes be defined in patients with localization-related epilepsy using advanced neuroimaging techniques including positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic source imaging (MSI). The choice of study often depends upon the availability and expertise at a particular center. The use of these tests is discussed in detail separately. (See "Neuroimaging in the evaluation of seizures and epilepsy" and "Surgical treatment of epilepsy in adults".)
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