economic factors across countries (Kaikati, Sullivan, J. Virgo, Carr, and K. Virgo 2000; Halpern
2001; Hamilton and Knouse 2001; Powpaka 2002; Statman 2007). In that vein, Statman (2007)
suggests that ethics, fairness, trust, and freedom from corruption are part of the social capital of a
country and should be considered when thinking globally. The author uses an index to compare
countries’ fairness, trust, enforcement, and corruption scores. The index might have applications for
anti-fraud research. Another study examining fraud and corruption on a global scale was conducted
by Hamilton and Knouse (2001), who consider the question of whether large corporations should
engage in host country questionable practices (such as bribery, insider trading, and misleading
advertisement) even though these actions may violate the corporation’s ethical principles and incountry
and home-country laws. Based on their framework, the authors develop a set of decision
principles to help large corporations deal with these conflicts—including the possible solution that
it may be best to avoid doing business in a country if one cannot position corporate principles with
the principles that are prevalent in the target country (Hamilton and Knouse 2001).