D. Measures − Organizational Commitment
Allen and Meyer’s (1990) instrument was used with their permission to measure the three dimensions of organizational commitment: namely, affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment. The three-component commitment scale was viewed as the prevailing conceptualization of organizational commitment (Bergman, 2006). The affective commitment scale consists of eight items. Each subject was asked to indicate the extent to which he/she agree with statements, such as ‘I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this organization' and ‘I enjoy discussing my organization with people outside of it’. The continuance commitment scale consists of eight items. Each subject was asked to indicate the extent to which he/she agree with statements such as ‘It would not be too costly for me to leave my organization now' and ‘I feel that I have too few options to consider leaving this organization’. The normative commitment scale consists of eight items. Each subject was asked to indicate the extent to which he/she agree with statements such as ‘One of the major reasons I continue to work for this organizations that I believe that loyalty is important and therefore, feel a sense of moral obligation to remain’.
E. Employee Engagement The two dimensions of employee engagement (job engagement and organizational engagement) were measured using Saks’ (2006) instrument with his permission. The job engagement scale consists of five items, each subject was requested to indicate the extent to which he/she agreed with statements, such as ‘I really “throw” myself into my job’ and ‘sometimes I am so into my job that I lose track of time’. The organizational engagement scale consists of six items. Each subject were requested to indicate the extent to which he/she agreed with statements such as ‘Being a member of this organization is very captivating’ and ‘Being a member of this organization makes me come “alive.”