As a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel, biodiesel consists of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), currently produced by acid/base catalyzed (trans-)esterification, followed by several neutralization and purification steps [21] and [44]. Nonetheless, all conventional methods suffer from problems associated with the use of homogeneous catalysts, leading to severe economical and environmental penalties. This has to change in view of the massive growth of overall biodiesel production and consumption scale [33].
Nowadays, the most widespread manufacturing technologies use homogeneous catalysts, in batch or continuous processes where both reaction and separation steps can create bottlenecks. The literature study reveals several catalyzed processes in use at pilot or industrial scale. For convenience, we provide here a brief summary of these processes, based on the catalyst type:
As a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel, biodiesel consists of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), currently produced by acid/base catalyzed (trans-)esterification, followed by several neutralization and purification steps [21] and [44]. Nonetheless, all conventional methods suffer from problems associated with the use of homogeneous catalysts, leading to severe economical and environmental penalties. This has to change in view of the massive growth of overall biodiesel production and consumption scale [33].Nowadays, the most widespread manufacturing technologies use homogeneous catalysts, in batch or continuous processes where both reaction and separation steps can create bottlenecks. The literature study reveals several catalyzed processes in use at pilot or industrial scale. For convenience, we provide here a brief summary of these processes, based on the catalyst type:
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