Along these lines, at the intersection of digital technology and fraud examination, Dionne,
Giuliano, and Picard (2009) examine insurance fraud and auditing claims, highlighting a scoring
approach. In the insurance industry, fraud signals are classified (scored) based on the extent to
which they indicate the probability of fraud. When a score is sufficiently high, the insurance claim
is referred to a special investigative unit. The results indicate how quantitative analysis can enhance
the deterrence effect of the audit and how the effect of an audit-scoring scheme can be taken into
account to affect optimal auditing strategy. Such scoring approaches may be useful, beyond the
insurance industry, in developing specific context-based analytical procedures (beyond ratio
analysis) that may be useful in highlighting high fraud risk contexts