Disability at 12 months, as assessed by the ODI was not signifi
cantly better in patients receiving the booklet (ODI mean difference 2.7, 95% CI: − 1.5 to 6.9) or those receiving rehabilitation
(ODI mean difference − 2.7, 95% CI: − 6.8 to 1.5),
however, there was a signifi cant improvement from baseline
in all four groups ( P < 0.001) ( Figure 2 ). Similarly, all secondary
outcomes improved signifi cantly from baseline ( P <
0.001). However, apart from average leg pain and the difference
between leg and back pain, where rehabilitation leads
to a signifi cant reduction in severity ( P < 0.05), no effect of
either treatment intervention was evident ( Table 3 ). There
were no signifi cant interactions ( P < 0.05) between our two
interventions ( Table 3 ) indicating that it is reasonable to focus
on the average effects of the two treatments—booklet and
rehabilitation