Reducing Biased Language
Scientific writing should be free of implied or irrelevant evaluation of groups. Therefore, when describing or discussing characteristics of participants, avoid implying bias against people on the basis of gender, sexual orientation, racial or ethnic group, disability, or age. The Publication Manual gives three guidelines for avoiding biased language. First, describe people with a level of specificity that is accurate. For example, when describing ethnic groups, instead of general terms such as Asian American or Hispanic American, use Korean American or Mexican American. Second, be sensitive to labels; call people what they prefer to be called. For example, “people diagnosed with schizophrenia” and “older adults” are currently preferred to “schizophrenics” and “the elderly.” In addition, for example, Black and African American are preferred to the older terms Negro and Afro-American. And keep in mind that over time, preferences change. Third, acknowledge people’s participation in your study. For example, instead of “the participants were run in the study,” write “the students completed the survey,” or “participants completed the study.” The Publication Manual provides the details of these guidelines as well as further information about avoiding biased language.
Citations
Throughout your manuscript, you will cite the published research of other scientists. Other research results are cited as background for your hypothesis, to establish a basis for any claims or facts you assert, and to credit those who prepared the foundation for your own work. Recall from Section 4.4 that using someone else’s ideas or words as your own plagiarism, a serious breach of ethics. See Chapter 3 (pp. 96-98) for further discussion and examples of plagiarism. Whenever you assert a fact that may not be common knowledge or refer to a previous research finding, you must provide a citation that identifies your source. Citation of a source means that you read the cited work. The APA convention for a citation requires that you identify the author(s) and the year of publication. Although there are a variety of methods for accomplishing this goal, two formats are commonly used for citation:
Reducing Biased Language
Scientific writing should be free of implied or irrelevant evaluation of groups. Therefore, when describing or discussing characteristics of participants, avoid implying bias against people on the basis of gender, sexual orientation, racial or ethnic group, disability, or age. The Publication Manual gives three guidelines for avoiding biased language. First, describe people with a level of specificity that is accurate. For example, when describing ethnic groups, instead of general terms such as Asian American or Hispanic American, use Korean American or Mexican American. Second, be sensitive to labels; call people what they prefer to be called. For example, “people diagnosed with schizophrenia” and “older adults” are currently preferred to “schizophrenics” and “the elderly.” In addition, for example, Black and African American are preferred to the older terms Negro and Afro-American. And keep in mind that over time, preferences change. Third, acknowledge people’s participation in your study. For example, instead of “the participants were run in the study,” write “the students completed the survey,” or “participants completed the study.” The Publication Manual provides the details of these guidelines as well as further information about avoiding biased language.
Citations
Throughout your manuscript, you will cite the published research of other scientists. Other research results are cited as background for your hypothesis, to establish a basis for any claims or facts you assert, and to credit those who prepared the foundation for your own work. Recall from Section 4.4 that using someone else’s ideas or words as your own plagiarism, a serious breach of ethics. See Chapter 3 (pp. 96-98) for further discussion and examples of plagiarism. Whenever you assert a fact that may not be common knowledge or refer to a previous research finding, you must provide a citation that identifies your source. Citation of a source means that you read the cited work. The APA convention for a citation requires that you identify the author(s) and the year of publication. Although there are a variety of methods for accomplishing this goal, two formats are commonly used for citation:
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