Law and order
Any decline in religious observance and belief during this period was assumed to be the reason for law and order problems. Yet, society at the end of Victoria's reign was much more stable and claims are made that this society was very religious. During the Century population growth led to law and order problems in cities, the local social control of a small population was difficult to apply with larger urban populations. There was a growth in radical political campaigns for wider democracy. To fight lawlessness the Police were founded in 1829 in London and through Acts of Parliament 1829-1856 developed Nationally. Initially made up of ex-soldiers and military they developed in professionalism throughout the Century. Any failures in individual officers were soon highlighted by the local newspapers. Prisons were reformed and transportation to Australia stopped in 1867. Humanitarian Campaigns and Utilitarian thinkers (like Jeremy Bentham) encouraged the building of new prisons (still unfortunately with treadmill and crank). General improvements in work and personal disciplines led to improvements in the observation of law and order. After 1880 compulsory education improved social discipline. Economic improvements helped make the Country more peaceable.