I propose a theoretical framework for examining the extent to which organisations with social and political goals empower (or disempower) participants as effective political citizens. Theories of power – including behaviouralism, structuration and Foucauldian notions – are drawn on to illuminate relevant aspects of organisational life. Together they account for the role of individuals, rules and processes, procedure and administration, culture and practice, techniques of organisation and communication. The intention is to shed light on how groups or individuals are empowered or otherwise and provides a basis, where necessary, for challenging existing structures and practices in the name of greater empowerment.