it was clear that to be understood and properly
directed, war needed to be seen in the round.
As Gerhard von Scharnhorst asserted, “One
must habitually consider the whole of war
before its components.”3 Michael Handel
expands on this proposition, arguing that war
needs to be viewed as a gestalt, or complex
whole comprising concrete and abstract elements,
and explaining that “because of its
infinite complexity and non-linear nature,
war can only be understood as an organic
whole not as a mere compendium of various
separate elements.”4
Nowadays, political leaders are not
prepared from birth to be students of war,
and war has expanded beyond a localized
cluster of tactical actions. In the face of today’s
complexity, the understanding and managing
of war as a whole are shared across a
bureaucracy. The military’s interaction with
that bureaucracy is colored—if not quite regulated—
by its doctrine. This article argues that
the existing understanding of the meaning
and role of operational art is based on poor
it was clear that to be understood and properly
directed, war needed to be seen in the round.
As Gerhard von Scharnhorst asserted, “One
must habitually consider the whole of war
before its components.”3 Michael Handel
expands on this proposition, arguing that war
needs to be viewed as a gestalt, or complex
whole comprising concrete and abstract elements,
and explaining that “because of its
infinite complexity and non-linear nature,
war can only be understood as an organic
whole not as a mere compendium of various
separate elements.”4
Nowadays, political leaders are not
prepared from birth to be students of war,
and war has expanded beyond a localized
cluster of tactical actions. In the face of today’s
complexity, the understanding and managing
of war as a whole are shared across a
bureaucracy. The military’s interaction with
that bureaucracy is colored—if not quite regulated—
by its doctrine. This article argues that
the existing understanding of the meaning
and role of operational art is based on poor
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