-Before inquiring into the nature of mathematical knowledge, it is first necessary to consider the nature of knowledge in general. Thus we begin by asking, what is knowledge? The question of what constitutes knowledge lies at the heart of philosophy, and mathematical knowledge plays a special part. The standard philo-sophical answer to this question is that knowledge is justified belief. More precisely, that propositional knowledge consists of propositions which are accepted(i.e.,believed),provided there are adequate grounds available for asserting them (Sheftler,1965;Chisholm,1966;Woozley,1949).