Even Lowi admits, however, that not every single detail of public policy can be
made a matter of a legislative decision. Therefore, he urges that better procedures be
used for administrative policy making as well. To govern fully according to the rule of
law means, according to Lowi, to force administrative agencies to deliberate about
the rules they are implementing and to forbid them from granting exceptions to
the rules to particular groups. If necessary, the agencies should refer the case to
Congress to ask for a reinterpretation or revision of the original law. Much as a case
brought before a court of law serves to improve the deWnition of justice and the legal
rules themselves, administration of laws should lead to the adoption of better rules,
and in many cases, better laws. Nonet (1969) used the case of deliberations about
workmen’s compensation to show how such an approach can lead to ‘‘administrative
justice.’’ Many nations have introduced courtlike procedures for adjudicating about
bio-ethics