the core leadership competencies that emerged during each crisis phase. It is
important to note that not all competencies were demonstrated in a positive or
beneficial fashion. Rather, there were many cases in which leadership behavior
was the antithesis of what might be considered a display of competence in crisis management. The negative examples, however, were just as important as the
positive ones for delineating relevant leadership competencies throughout the
crisis management life cycle. We conclude our article with a brief discussion of
the importance of bridging HRD scholarship and activities with crisis management to better utilize the HRD function in developing organizational capability.