According to Pham (1996), the initial freezing temperature of meat can be estimated using the equation: ѲF=−4.66x0/xw− 46.4xa/xw (where ѲF=initial freezing temperature, x=mass fraction,a=ash, o=other components, and w=water) underscoring the importance of the composition of the water (or liquid) phase of meat in determining its freezing point.