Association : The Key Element in Classical Conditioning
Although Pavlov conducted the first scientific studies of classical conditioning, Aristotle noted that two sensations repeatedly experienced together become associated more than 2,000 years before the time of Pavlov. Association is the key element in classical conditioning. If you visit the seashore with a friend, visiting the seashore by yourself may trigger memories of that friend. If you got sick the last time you ate a hot dog, you will likely feel nausea the next time you see one. Learning through association is a common part of our lives.
Pavlov considered classical conditioning to be a form of learning through association-the association in time of a neutral stimulus (one that originally does not elicit the response) and a stimulus that does elicit the response. Pavlov used an apparatus that was already constructed in his laboratory to measure the progress of learning, and he used food as the stimulus to elicit the response (of salivation).
Specifically, Pavlov presented (as the neutral stimulus) a clicking metronome that the dog could easily hear. After a precisely measured interval of time, he would blow a small quantity of meat powder into the dog's mouth to elicit salivation. Every 15 minutes, the same procedure was repeated, and soon the dog began salivating when the metronome was presented without the meat powder. By continuously measuring the amount of salivation through the tube in the dog's cheek, the strength of the new learning was accurately monitored throughout the process of classical conditioning.
Again, the key element in classical conditioning is the association of the two stimuli. The more frequently the metronome and the food are associated, the more often the metronome elicits salivation (see figure 7.2). The timing of the association of the two stimuli is also highly important. Pavlov found, for example, that he obtained the best results when the metronome preceded the food powder by about a half a second. Longer time intervals were less effective, and almost no learning occurred when the metronome was presented at the same time as the food or when the food was presented slightly before the metronome.
Thus, Pavlov took advantage of a chance observation and began a systematic study of one aspect of the learning process. Although learning had been studied before Pavlov's time, his experiments were highly influential because of their extensiveness and precision. Pavlov's true genius lay in seeing that this simple form of learning had important implications far beyond clicking metronomes and salivating dogs. Pavlov's writings became an important part of American psychology when they came to the attention of John B. Watson, who expanded on and popularized Pavlov's views in English.
Association : The Key Element in Classical Conditioning Although Pavlov conducted the first scientific studies of classical conditioning, Aristotle noted that two sensations repeatedly experienced together become associated more than 2,000 years before the time of Pavlov. Association is the key element in classical conditioning. If you visit the seashore with a friend, visiting the seashore by yourself may trigger memories of that friend. If you got sick the last time you ate a hot dog, you will likely feel nausea the next time you see one. Learning through association is a common part of our lives. Pavlov considered classical conditioning to be a form of learning through association-the association in time of a neutral stimulus (one that originally does not elicit the response) and a stimulus that does elicit the response. Pavlov used an apparatus that was already constructed in his laboratory to measure the progress of learning, and he used food as the stimulus to elicit the response (of salivation). Specifically, Pavlov presented (as the neutral stimulus) a clicking metronome that the dog could easily hear. After a precisely measured interval of time, he would blow a small quantity of meat powder into the dog's mouth to elicit salivation. Every 15 minutes, the same procedure was repeated, and soon the dog began salivating when the metronome was presented without the meat powder. By continuously measuring the amount of salivation through the tube in the dog's cheek, the strength of the new learning was accurately monitored throughout the process of classical conditioning. Again, the key element in classical conditioning is the association of the two stimuli. The more frequently the metronome and the food are associated, the more often the metronome elicits salivation (see figure 7.2). The timing of the association of the two stimuli is also highly important. Pavlov found, for example, that he obtained the best results when the metronome preceded the food powder by about a half a second. Longer time intervals were less effective, and almost no learning occurred when the metronome was presented at the same time as the food or when the food was presented slightly before the metronome. ดังนั้น Pavlov เอาประโยชน์จากสังเกตโอกาส และเริ่มศึกษาอย่างเป็นระบบของส่วนหนึ่งของกระบวนการเรียนรู้ แม้ว่าการเรียนรู้ได้รับการศึกษาก่อนเวลาของ Pavlov ทดลองของเขาได้มีอิทธิพลอย่างสูงจาก extensiveness และความแม่นยำ พรสวรรค์จริงของ Pavlov วางในเห็นว่าแบบฟอร์มง่ายของการเรียนรู้มีผลกระทบสำคัญไกลเกินคลิก metronomes และ salivating สุนัข งานเขียนของ Pavlov กลายเป็น ส่วนสำคัญของจิตวิทยาอเมริกันเมื่อพวกเขาเข้ามาในความสนใจของจอห์น B. วัตสัน ที่ขยายบน และขึ้นมุมมองของ Pavlov ในภาษาอังกฤษ
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