Social psychologists during the 20th century made many remarkable discoveries. One of these is that an individual’s
behavior could be shaped, changed, and even criminalized by the systematic manipulation of social interactions (Frith &
Frith, 2008). Compared to all other species, human beings display much higher levels of altruistic behavior toward genetically
unrelated individuals (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, & McBride, 2004). Thus, identifying the stability of altruistic behavior in
humans and other animals has been one of the major scientific challenges in recent decades (Nowak, 2006). In essence,
altruistic behavior has also been shown to be evoked by prosocial media exposure and to elicit helping behavior (Greitemeyer
& Osswald, 2009). The paradox of altruistic behavior is that although altruistic helping adds to the common good of a group
of individuals, the one contributing to the common good generally endures a higher cost than the individual returns (de
Weerd & Verbrugge, 2011; West, Griffin, & Gardner, 2007). However Hamilton (1963) predicted that altruistic behavior
would still be selected if the cost to the altruistic individual is less than the benefit to the recipient or that the recipient