These studies provide insights into short-term effects of
two-age harvesting on breeding birds, but no studies have
examined bird communities in two-age stands beyond 15
years post-harvest. Long-term studies focusing on the effects
of forest management on wildlife are uncommon, particularly
studies of long-term effects of residual tree retention on
breeding birds (Tittler et al., 2001). Additionally, more knowledge
is needed about the potential of two-age harvests for
providing habitat for early-successional species, many of
which are of high conservation concern (Brawn et al., 2001).